Unit 1 Understand medication and prescriptions
Section 2 The classification of medication
Q5 Using any reference sources available to you (BNF, UK websites, MIMS or pharmacy), identify three medicines (UK generic or brand names) from each legal category. (2.1)
POM
Example 1:
Ketamine
Example 2:
Tramadol
Example 3:
OxyContin
P
Example 1: Loperamide
Example 2: Codeine
Example 3: Morphine
GSL
Example 1:
Ibuprofen
Example 2:
Paracetamol
Example 3:
Cetirizine
Section 4 Roles of self and others in the medication process
Q8 Look at your job description and identify what it states about your role in relation to the handling of medication. (4.1)
My role as a designated dispenser enables me to administer medication because I am trained on how to handle medication safely.
Section 4 Roles of self and others in the medication process
Q8 Look at your job description and identify what it states about your role in relation to the handling of medication. (4.1)
Q12a Who has the authority to obtain and receive medication within your organisation? (Job role/title, not their name). (4.1)
Registered manager
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Q12b Look at your workplace policy and explain the responsibilities of the person who has the authority to obtain/receive medication within your workplace. (4.1)
Follow the workplace protocols, handle medication correctly, maintain the records properly and ensure prompt action on any medical discrepancies.
See Q12a
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Q13a In your organisation, who has the authority to administer medication? (4.1)
Registered nurse.
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Q13b Look at your workplace policy and explain the roles and responsibilities of those who have the authority to administer medication. (4.1)
The person must know the reason why the medicine has been prescribed, the service user’s needs and preferences, right prescriber is issued with right medication and consult if need be.
See Q12a
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Q14 List all aspects of handling medication that you are not presently permitted to undertake (eg. rectal, ordering, disposal, injections). (4.2)
Administering via ocular route, Administering via gastric tube, disposing medication.
Section 5 Accessing information about medication
Q17 Identify five key national sources of information that you could consult if you needed any guidance in relation to medication. (5.1)
1. British National Formulary
2. British National Formulary for Children
3. Patient Information Leaflet.
4. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
5. Medical Index of Medical Specialities
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Unit 2 | Section 1 | How medicines are supplied and obtained Isobel is a designated person at Circle House Care H
Q2 List five points of the information that Isobel should check. (1.2)
1. Name of the medicine
2. Expiry date of the medicine
3. Name and address of the pharmacy
4. The route to administer the medication
5. Full name of the service user
Q3 List five pieces of information that Isobel must record once she has checked the medication. (1.2)
1. Name of the medication if the same as the one prescribed on the MAR chart
2. Strength of the medication if the same as the one on MAR chart
3. Form of the medicine if it is the same as the one in the MAR chart
4. Correct service user name on the medication
5. Quantity of medication if equivalent as the one on the MAR chart.
Q5 Describe the procedure for obtaining ‘as and when required’ (PRN) medication? (1.3)
PRN medication should be obtained as per the guidelines of the prescribing officer. It should be ordered on a repeat prescription along with other long term medications for the patient. Also expiry date must be checked to ensure the medicines do not expire in mid-cycle.
Q8a Describe what should happen to a service user’s medication if the person is being transferred to another care setting. (1.3)
A person must be transferred together with an MAR chart. A communication should be established between the general practitioner, the pharmacist and the care facility to enable all medications available for the transfer. A record of the transfer details must also be recorded.
Q8b Identify the information which must be recorded if a service user is being transferred to another care setting. Give four points. (1.3)
Name of the service user, date of transfer, amount of medication being transferred, signature of the staff member arranging the transfer, name of medications, forms and strength.
Unit 2 | Section 2 | Storing medication
Q9 Describe the requirements for the storage of non-controlled and controlled medication within the following care settings: (2.1) (2.2)
a) Clinical areas
Storage of non-controlled medication:
Store within a designated medicine cupboard of suitable size and lockable. Some controlled should be stored in a designated refrigerator of temperature between 2 to 8 degrees Celsius.
Storage of controlled medication:
Store within a locked safe or cabinet as per the Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody) Regulations 1973.
b) Residential areas
Storage of non-controlled medication:
can be stored in user’s room after assessment that it is safe and secure. However, for central storage, provide adequate space and proper lock.
Storage of controlled medication:
Store in standard cupboard as per the Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody Regulation 1973 unless one wants to responsible for his or her medication.
c) Domiciliary care
Storage of non-controlled medication:
Storage of non-controlled medication: Store as per manufacturer’s instruction in a secure and safe place.
Storage of controlled medication:
Store in a controlled drugs cupboard after a risk assessment and needs for support for the facility is done. Service user must be informed on why the storage must be secure.
d) Day services
Storage of controlled medication:
Assessment of the facility must be done and size of the storage facility depends on the number of occupants. Storage must be done in containers as dispensed by the pharmacist with the service user’s demographics and other necessary details.
Storage of non-controlled medication:
Store as per the Misuse of Drugs Regulation 1973. For those not self-medicating tore in a secure cupboard. Secure from break-ins.
e) Non-care settings
Storage of controlled medication:
Consider security as a priority. And manufacturer’s instruction on storage conditions.
Storage of non-controlled medication:
Assign someone with responsibility of the medication. Head of the facility. Follow product’s instruction.
Q13 Describe how medicines awaiting disposal should be stored in the following settings: (2.5)
a) Nursing care providers – store in a secure container that has been authorised by the pharmaceutical arranging for the disposal. The container is stored separately with that storing medicines for current use. Also keep a document for audit trail on date of disposal, name of the resident and name, form, strength and quantity of medication designated for disposal
b) Care providers- Follow the guidelines of Hazardous Waste Regulation 2005. Store the medicines securely, awaiting for collection by the pharmacists, the dispensing pharmacist. Keep an audit trail of date of disposal, name of the resident and medicine description (strength, form and quantity)
c) Domiciliary care – Return the medicine to dispensing pharmacist. Meanwhile store safe and securely.
Q14 Give five examples which explain why medication might need to be disposed of before it is used. (3.1)
1. When it is expired
2. Has been refused by the service user
3. When medicine was stored incorrectly and is of different quality
4. Medication changed by the prescriber
5. Has been recalled
Q15a Outline the correct procedures for the safe and secure disposal of medication and equipment within nursing care settings. (3.2)
a) Non-controlled medication: follow the Hazardous Waste Regulation 2005 that requires the facility to coordinate with a licensed company on medication waste disposal to dispose these wastes.
b) Controlled medication: Denature the medication under the witness of a qualified person and record in the controlled drugs register. Sign by all members of the staff involved in the disposal.
c) Associated equipment: Monitored dose systems must be returned to the pharmacist. Needles and glass ampoules must be disposed in ôf in a particular sharp bins. PPEs can be disposed as household wastes.
15b Outline the correct procedures for the disposal of medication and equipment within care settings. (3.2)
a) Non-controlled medication: Return unused medication to the community pharmacist. No disposal is to be done within the home.
b) Controlled medication: Return unused medication to the dispensing pharmacist for disposal
c) Associated equipment: : Monitored dose systems must be returned to the pharmacist. Needles and glass ampoules must be disposed in ôf in a particular sharp bins. PPEs can be disposed as household wastes.
Q15c Outline the correct procedures for the disposal of medication and equipment within domiciliary care settings. (3.2)
a) Non-controlled medication: Return unused medication to the community pharmacist. No disposal is to be done within the facility.
b) Controlled medication: Return to the dispensing pharmacist
c) Associated equipment: : Monitored dose systems must be returned to the pharmacist. Needles and glass ampoules must be disposed in ôf in a particular sharp bins. PPEs can be disposed as household wastes.
Unit 3 Understand the requirements for the safe administration of medication
Section 1 Legislation and guidance in relation to administration of medication
Q1 Identify the key requirements of legislation and guidance in relation to the administration of medication. (1.1)
Example 1
Name of legislation: Misuse of drug Act (1971)
Key requirements/guidance:
Ensures that administration procedures are followed and the right patient receives the right medication in the right amount and time, with professional witness .
Example 2
Name of legislation:
The Care Act 2014
Key requirements/guidance:
Ensures that patient, in adult social care setup for example, are well taken care of in the administration process.
Example 3
Name of legislation:
Misuse of drugs regulation 2012
Key requirements/guidance:
These regulations define the people authorised to supply controlled drugs (CDs). Defines where the drugs are to be found, and requirements.
Example 4
The medicine Act (1968)
Key requirements/guidance:
Provides the main legal framework for prescription, supply, storage and administering medicines, classifying them.
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Q2 Before the administration of medication can take place; members of staff need to prepare to support service users to take their medication. There are different types of roles and support. Describe the roles and responsibilities of staff in relation to: (1.2)
a) Supporting individuals to take medication
Remind the patient when it is time for medication and explain what the medication is about. Encouraging them to also take medication.
b) Administering medication
Provide the medication on time and the right medication.
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Q3 Describe the roles and responsibilities of staff when preparing to use specialised techniques to administer medication by the following routes: (1.2)
a) Rectal route
Consider the privacy and dignity of the patient. One can provide blanket and look for a private room.
b) Vaginal route
Consider dignity of the patient. Explain to seek consent and seek valid consent.
c) Subcutaneous route
Consider type of medication to be administered. Calculate dosage and check of the administration equipment were stored correctly and are safe for use.
d) Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) route
Flush the tube with water to ensure no blockage. Prepare medications separately in different syringes.
e) Inhalation route
Seek for the service user’s consent. Position the inhaler correctly and upright posture of the service user.
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Q4 Describe ways of working to ensure that the following distractions to the person administering medication are minimised: (1.3)
a) People where administration is taking place
Administer medication in private areas, where traffic of people is less expected.
b) Being interrupted
Administer drugs in no entry zone, carry no phones and avoid any entry into the room by for example locking the door
c) Inappropriate lighting
Ensure the MAR charts are in a well it area that is easy to see and see all labels correctly.
d) Inappropriate room temperature
Adopt a room with air conditioner where it can be regulated.
e) Feeling rushed
Administer drugs at convenient times when there is no hurry somewhere.
f) Noise
Administer medication in noise proof area, with noise buffers
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Section 2 Preparations to be taken prior to administering medication
Q5 Before administrating medication, explain why it is important to follow instructions on the preparation, use and method of administration from the following perspectives: (2.1)
a) Service user
To ensure that their personal choices are respected and observed.
b) Prescriber
That prescription is given relying on the assessment of the service user’s needs and considerations
c) Pharmacist
To ensure that the instructions are given on the packaging of each type of medication, for correct dose, correct form and at a correct time.
d) Manufacturer-
that the medicine remains safe and used for the licensed reason
e) Organisation
To ensure that organisational procedures policies are followed.
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Q6 Explain why it is necessary to gain consent from a service user before administering medication. (2.2)
It is both a legal requirement and ethical (god practise) in medicine.
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Q7 Identify the information that must be provided before an individual can give valid consent. Give three points: (2.3)
1.
Why the medication is needed.
2.
Any risk and benefits regarding the medication like any breathing problems
3.
How the medication will be administered.
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Q8a Before you administer medication, it is important to agree with the service user the medication to be taken. Explain why this is important. (2.4)
To ensure that correct medication is given under a valid consent
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Q8b Explain why it is important to be aware of the support needs of individuals prior to administering the medication. (2.4)
To understand any physical, preference needs to support a person throughout the medication process for proper medication
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Q9 Describe how the following should be checked before administering medication. (2.5)
The identity of the individual
Check the name on the patent’s bracelet against the prescription chart. Or the identity bracelet is checked as the patient confirms name and date of birth.
The Medication Administration Record (MAR) chart
Check the name of the service user, name of medication, correct dosage, time of administration, route, special precautions, instruction, allergy and whether the medication has already been administered.
The medication to be administered
Name of the service user is the same as in MAR chart, name of medication, dosage, time of administration route and expiry date of medication.
Any equipment used for administration
Check for any contamination, signs of deterioration for reusable ones and safe for medication
The environment in which the administration will take place
Check for likelihood to disruptions, lighting, noise and privacy of the process to ensure the patient is comfortable, so as the person administrating medication.
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Q10 Describe the infection control precautions that need to be taken during preparation to administer medication. Give three points for each of the following: (2.6)
a) The service user receiving medication
1. Equipment is clean and fit for the use
2. Equipment is not reused for multiple service users
3. High levels of personal hygiene and correct PPEs are worn
b) Self and others who may be affected
1. Proper hand hygiene is necessary
2. Ensure safe disposal of equipment
3. Wear personal protective equipment to prevent self infections
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Q11 Explain the importance of each of the six Rs. (2.7)
1.
Right individual to ensure a person receives medication prescribed for him or her specifically.
2.
Right medication by checking the MAR chart against the medication container
3.
Right route to ensure the medicine is administered as described and per MAR
4.
Right dose as in the MAR chart to detect any late changes in dosage if there is.
5.
Right time to ensure correct intervals between medication and avoid synergy reactions.
6.
Right to refuse and clearly document on the MAR.
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Section 3 Safely administering medication in ways that meet individual needs
Q12a Medication may be dispensed into a system for the service user before it is administered. Describe the drug administration system which is in use, or could be used, within your workplace. (3.1)
Biodose- Contains a patient’s identification image at the front to check before medication, check on the color of the pods to distinguish between various dosages and time.
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Q12b Describe an additional drug administration system that may be used within a health and social care setting. (3.1)
The Monitored Dose System- Places individual medication in compartments for correct medication at the correct time.
The Biodose System
Ensures delivery of liquid and solid dosage in heat sealed pods after preparation.
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Q13 Outline three positive points and three negative points for using monitored dosage systems. (3.2)
Positive points:
1. Some systems are portable – like MDS and Biodose
2. MDS, for example, can contain medication for a longer time of 28 days
3. Sealed pods makes administration much easier in MDS and Biodose system.
Negative points:
1. Requires the person administering or self-medicating to be extremely precise on date, day and time in and the system
2. Biodose pods can hold a very low quantity of 1o ml of liquid every single time
3. MDS and Biodose cannot are not preferred for liquid medication.
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Q14 Describe two of the additional aids that can be used to support Mr Roberts to be, and remain, as independent as possible. (3.1)
Example 1:
Example 1: Grip Aids
How this can be used to support Mr Roberts: He can use it to open bottles,
Example 2: Medication alarms
How this can be used to support Mr Roberts: To alert him to take his medications when the time is right
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Q15 All medications are dispensed with details of dose and frequency. Some medications also have additional specific instructions. Give three examples of special instructions that may need to be followed when administering medication. (3.3)
1. Medication to be taken before or after food. Like diclofenac and ibuprofen which can irritate the stomach or gaviscon for after food to prevent heartburn.
2. Monitoring of levels of medication very often by blood tests for warafin.
3. No drinking of grapefruit or cranberry while on coagulant medication like warafin.
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Q16 Using any resources available to you (for example, BNF, UK websites, MIMS or pharmacy), identify any special instructions that must be followed when administering the following types of medication: (3.3)
a)
Warfarin
Do not consume grapefruit or a cranberry while on medication for it will cause coagulation
b) Simvastatin
Withdraw gradually to minimise on withdrawal effects.
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Q17 Explain the importance of monitoring an individual’s needs in relation to medication that is administered as and when required (PRN). (3.4)
To identify properly when the medication is needed, of such a kind.
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Q18 Explain the importance of observing that medication has been taken by the individual. (3.5)
To ensure that the medication is taken appropriately and in case there is guidance needed it is providing so that the service user takes the medication as prescribed.
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Q19 Describe the actions that you would take if a service user refused to take their medication. (3.6)
a) How would you respond?
Find out why the patient does not want to take medication. Assist the patient in making his decision. Like ask if they know the function of the medicine, consequences of failing to take medication, reason for their refusal
b) Who would you report the refusal to?
Pharmacist
c) How would you record the refusal?
I would make an accurate recording and reason for refusal, and if failure to take the medication interferes with how other drugs might function on the MAR chart and individual’s care plan, correct demographics and signatures.
Q20 Explain how you would record the outcomes following the administration of medication. (3.7)
On MAR chart. The authorised staff member signs the chart following administration as a witness with another member of staff.
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Q21 Give two examples of when it may be necessary to seek additional support and guidance when handling medication. (3.8)
1. When there are concerns and worries about individuals
2. When changes in one’s conditions are observed
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Section 4 Supporting individuals to administer their own medication
Q22 Explain why it is important to support service users to administer their own medication. (4.1)
To boost wellbeing and morale of a patient. Empower individual and make them more independent. It enables the service user to better understand the medication.
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Q23 Identify six key aspects of legislation and guidelines in relation to self-administration of medication. (4.2)
1. Right of the service user to receive medication safely and in the way it is prescribed
2. The right to dignity of the service user
3. Any requirement for safe storage of medication
4. Use of medication only to the prescribed patient
5. Proper maintenance of the record once the medication is administered.
6. A proper health and safety risk assessment to ensure safety in medication process.
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Q24 If a service user prefers to self-administer medication, a risk assessment is required. Describe three factors that need to be considered throughout this risk assessment process. (4.3)
1. Mental ability – to realise if the level of understanding of the patient in line with medication requirements
2. Physical ability – to determine if the person is physically able to handle the medicines and in containers they come in.
3. Emotional and mental position- To establish I one is willing to take medication.
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Q25 Outline the conditions which must be in place for an individual to self-administer medication. (4.4)
Safety of the person and other service users
Security of medicines
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Q26 In addition to a risk assessment, four other records relating to self-administration of medication also need to be in place. Describe these four records. (4.5)
1. A record of the service user’s consent to self-administration
2. A well-updated care plan, explaining the extent of help required and frequency of monitoring.
3. A well updated MAR chart – stating the service user in self-administration
4. A well updated stock supplies on medication received by the organisation.
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Section 5 The procedures that should be followed when problems occur
Q27 Different situations may occur that present problems in relation to the administration of medication. Describe three actions you would take in each of the following situations to ensure you act in line with agreed ways of working. (5.1)
-:
a) Actions taken if there are errors in administering medication:
1. Report to the facility manager to check the person for any error.
2. Inform the person on the error in a calm way
3. Record the error in MAR chart and the person’s care plan.
b) Actions taken if the service user refuses prescribed medication:
1. Follow the organisational policy that require one to answer to the facility manager
2. Calmly explain to the patient the results of not adhering to medication
3. Record the reason for refusal on the MAR chart.
c) Actions taken if medication is compromised:
1. The medication must be put in a well-labelled return envelope, with reasons why it is compromised.
2. The envelope must have a signature and right date
3. Store safely and away the compromised drug to await disposal
d) Actions taken if there are discrepancies in records relating to medication:
1. Any discrepancies must be addressed to the facility manager.
2. If the discrepancy is about prescription, reference is to the prescribing officer
3. If it is about records on the dispensed medication, refer back to the pharmacist.
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Q28 How would you support an individual who has difficulty in taking medication in the form it has been prescribed? (5.2)
I would seek guidance from the facility manager and then to the prescribing officer.
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Q29 Explain how you would support the best interests of an individual who is unable to consent to prescribed medication. (5.3)
By involving their next of kin on discussions on what decision to make.
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Q30 Describe the procedure for administering controlled drugs. (5.4)
There must be a second suitably trained person to witness. All administration details must be entered in the MAR chart and a different page must be used for every drug of various strength.
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Section 6 How the effects of medication are monitored
Q31 Explain why it is important to monitor the effects of medication that has been prescribed for a service user. (6.1)
When medication is monitored, medical team can establish whether medication is having the desired effect or untoward effects.
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Q32 Describe six ways you can monitor the effects of medication on a service user and the condition it has been prescribed for. (6.1)
1. The thought process of the patient – if they are becoming more forgetful or not.
2. Mood – changes in their mood (like more irritable or low moods)
3. Mobility – are they becoming less mobile
4.
Level of consciousness- if one is getting more drowsy
5.
Level of appetite- Is it falling? Eating below normal
6.
Sleeping pattern like getting restless at night
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Q33 Give examples of how physiological measurements are used to monitor the effects of, or need for, specific medication. (6.2)
To determine the length of medication
To check if the medication is having any side effect on the patient
To check if the medication is working as it should.
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Q34 Identify the common side effects of the following groups of medication: (6.3)
Antibiotics
Nausea, diarrhoea, skin rash, vomiting
Analgesics
Codeine and morphine can cause nausea, vomiting, confusion and constipation.
Anticoagulants
Profuse and uncontrollable bleeding
Antihistamines
Drying of the mouth, drowsiness, dizziness
Anti-inflammatory medication
Heartburn, abdominal pains and nausea.
Psychotropic medication
Blurry visions, drying of the mouth and rapid heartbeat
Sedatives
Daytime drowsiness, being nervous, nausea.
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Q35 Explain what is meant by the term ‘adverse reaction’. (6.4)
Is the unexpected, unwanted, harmful reaction to a drug
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Q36 Describe the actions you should take if you suspect a service user is experiencing a side effect or adverse reaction to medication. (6.5)
a) Actions to take for suspected side effect
Report to the facility manager and seek for guidance from prescriber or pharmacist. Continue monitoring.
b) Actions to take for suspected adverse reaction
Call for a qualified first aider and then 999 to request for an immediate ambulance.
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Q37 Explain how the outcomes of monitoring should be recorded and reported. (6.7)
First is to check on the organisational policies and report as they state. Record theh same on MAR chart of the service user, make a report and send a copy to the individual’s GP.
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Q38 Outline how reviews of medication are carried out in line with national guidelines within your organisation. (6.6)
For adults above 75 years, medication should be reviewed at least after every 12 months, but those taking at least four medicines to be reviewed at least semi-annually.
Unit 4 Record keeping and audit processes for medication
Section 1 The audit process
Q1 Explain why organisations need to implement audit procedures in relation to the handling of medication. (1.1)
Auditing is a legal requirement. It also necessary for improving healthcare system. The feedback from the audit can be sued to rectify a mistake in the handling of medication.
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Q2 Describe the role of the pharmacist in supporting health and social care organisations with the audit process. (1.1)
Through enhanced service, pharmacist ensure that the organisation is up to standards with regulation quality and safety.
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Q3 How do manufacturers’ instructions relate to the audit process? (1.1)
To check if the manufacturer’s instruction were properly adhered to during medication, like storage practices and administration.
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Q4 Describe how your organisational policy can support the audit process in relation to medication transactions and stock levels. (1.1)
Organisational policies provide the guidelines and regulations for handling medicine, therefore a benchmark for internal audits.
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Q5 Describe the requirements of the Care Quality Commission in relation to external audits. (1.1)
The commission has published Fundamental Standards against which care providers are marked during the external audits.
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Q6 Describe how Regulation 17 of the Fundamental Standards and guidelines in place from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society help to meet legal requirements with regards to the safe handling of medicines. (1.1)
a) Regulation 17
Provides for effective governance in handling of medicine like assurances and auditing and proper record keeping practices.
b) Royal Pharmaceutical Society guidelines
Provides the principles for safe and appropriate handling of medicines in health and social care setups.
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Q7 What arrangements are in place for the audit of medication within your workplace? (1.1)
Compliance with the CQC’s Fundamental Standards on issues of medication management, by complying with the workplace’ policies and regulation.
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Q8 Identify the records Martha must maintain and then explain the four pieces of information she must record once she has received medicines within her workplace. (1.2)
The records Martha must maintain:
Records of medication received, medication administered and medication sent for disposal.
Four pieces of information Martha must record:
1. Date of recipient.
2. Name of service user
3. Quantity of medicine received
4. Signature of the staff member who received the medication
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Q9 Which document must be signed following the administration of medication? (1.2)
Medication Administration Record chart
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Q10 Explain the requirements for recording the administration of controlled drugs. (1.2)
There must be a second witnessed who is suitably trained staff member
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Q11 Explain why the Medication Administration Record (MAR) chart must be kept up to date. (1.2)
To ensure maximum safety of patients, because pharmacist fully relies on it to make an of the scope decision (beyond legal bracket) to save a patient’s life.
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Q12 Explain four requirements for recording medication which has been prepared for disposal. (1.2)
1. A legal notice for the controlled drugs to show that it is needed for disposal
2. A proof shoeing that the drug is truly expired
3. A physician’s note to show change in medication and that that is exactly the drug to be disposed.
4. A proof to show termination in medication, either due to death or other causes.
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Section 2 Recording information and confidentiality
Q13 Describe four reasons why it is important to ensure records are kept to a good standard. (2.1)
1. Keeping records in good standards means that they can stay long
2. It also helps in proper interpretation of the records
3. Well-kept records eases the auditing process
4. The patient is also assured of proper medication.
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Q14 Identify four factors you should take into account to ensure your record keeping is of a good standard and can be understood by all. (2.1)
1. Language used, as formal and standard
2. Detailed records that are decodable
3. Records should be objective
4. Storing of only relevant records
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Q15 Outline three fundamental points of record keeping that you must take into account to ensure best practice when completing records relating to medication. (2.2)
1 Security of the records is paramount
2. Correct storage procedure to ensure lifespan.
3. Accessibility by only authorized people
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Q16 In relation to medication record keeping, outline the requirements of the Care Quality Commission regarding Regulation 17 of the Fundamental Standards. (2.2)
Complying with all the regulations and policies that describes auditing.
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Q17 Identify all seven points of information which must be recorded for medicines reconciliation for a service user. (2.3)
1
Breaks in medication
2.
Duration of treatment
3.
Special arrangement, if there is
4.
Any allergies
5.
Any drug taken by the patient before being admitted
6.
Any additional information
7.
Dose, frequency, route and the formulation of medicines.
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Q18a How often should a medication review take place? (2.4)
Annually for those above 75 years on medication for chronic illnesses, on regular prescription. For those with four or more medications, reviews are recommended after every six months.
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Q18b What should be included in a medication review? (2.4)
A medication review must state the purpose of the review, worries and concerns on the medication, any problem encountered with the medication and the safety of the medication.
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Q19 Explain why it is important to ensure all records relating to medication are up to date. (2.5)
It is a basic aspect part of healthcare that all medication records are up to date to ensure a complete audit trial, enhance organisational and individual credibility and as a true reflection of one’s approach care.
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Q20a What individual right does the General Data Protection Regulation 2016 give to service users? (2.6)
The right to apply to see some personal data held from them, including a person’s health records.
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Q20b Identify six enforceable data principles that should be followed when handling confidential information within your workplace. (2.6)
1. Lawfulness, fairness, transparency to help to ensure the data being handled is the right one intended in a simple language for all to understand.
2. Data minimisation. Ensures that data recorded is relevant, adequate and for the intended sole.
3. Storage limitation principle ensures that data is only stored for the designed lifespan and limits any further storage beyond that.
4. Accountability principle puts those who are responsible for data storage to be answerable to any data storage problem
5. Integrity and confidentiality principle requires that data holder must meet certain security standards and responsible for both physical and technological data principles.
6. Purpose limitation principle also ensures that the sensitive data is not used for any other purpose not designed for.
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Q20c Explain why it is important to follow the data principles that you identified in Q20b. (2.6)
To safeguard the interest of the person whose data is in question and that one’s data is handled wrongly.
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Q21 Explain who can access health records under the Access to Health Records Act 1990. (2.6)
Because the original owner of the health records is dead, a close relative has access right to the health record information if one feels that the death was caused by negligence in the part of caregiver or one administering medication.
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Q22 Explain what is meant by the ‘common law’ of confidentiality. (2.6)
Everyone has a right to right to expect that the medical information they give is used for the right purpose as to why it is given.
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Q23 Explain why maintaining confidentiality is important. (2.6)
Confidentiality creates trust between the person giving information and the health care sector because the person is assured that whatever he gave out for care would not be misused.
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Q24 Explain who can give permission to disclose personal information within your workplace. (2.6)
In case the patient has lost consciousness, a next of kin, someone with the power of attorney, or a close relative and a senior staff member can give authorisation to the medical information.
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Q25 Are there any circumstances when granting access to confidential information is justifiable? Give an explanation for your answer. (2.6)
Yes. In settling a court case- for example, DNA tests that in an inheritance or marital cases. When a crime has occurred and there is a court order for that.
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Q26 Identify two different people who may have a right to access confidential information within your workplace and explain the circumstances under which the information may be accessed. (2.6)
Example 1
Job role of person with the right to access confidential information:
Care colleagues
Circumstances under which the information may be accessed:
In case they need to refer if there are giving care as per the care plan
Example 2
Job role of person with the right to access confidential information:
Medical professional like nurse
Circumstances under which the information may be accessed:
In case of change in medication to service user.
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Q27 Outline the steps you take to ensure you always maintain confidentiality and keep information secure within your workplace. (2.7)
Ensuring that information is only accessed by the right individuals and stored safely and recording any confidentiality breaches.
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Section 3 Accountability and responsibility
Q28a Define the terms ‘accountability’ and ‘responsibility’. (3.1)
a) Accountability is taking responsibility for your actions, ensuring you are competent to do the activity you have been tasked and always put patient’s interests first. That is, answering for the auditing of one’s role in medication.
b) Responsibility
Refers to the obligation and duty to act in a certain way in an appropriate way and carry out actions mandated.
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Q28b Explain the difference between ‘moral accountability’ and ‘legal accountability’. (3.1)
a) Moral accountability is the ethical approach where own owes the other party a general duty of care and treating people equally and with respect.
b) Legal accountability is owing the other party the standard duty of care and it involves professional actions.
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Q29 Explain why accountability is important when handling medication. (3.2)
Accountability demands a person to follow laws and regulations when handling medication and only trained persons handle medication.
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Q30a Identify the different people involved with the storage or administration of medication within your workplace. (3.3)
Registered manager or a designated staff
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Q30b Describe the responsibilities of the people identified in Q30a regarding the storage or administration of medication. (3.3)
Registered managers ensure that adequate and updated policies are in place for safe handling procedures.
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Q31 Georgina is clearly not following the policies and procedures she has previously agreed with her employer, and is therefore not following agreed ways of working within her organisation. Outline the possible consequences of her actions for the following: (3.4)
a) Consequences for the service user
1. Complaints from the service users and their families
2. Possible death of the service user
b) Consequences for Georgina
1. Disciplinary actions like suspensions
2. Criminal prosecution and possible imprisonment if guilty.
c) Consequences for yourself
1. Reduced standards of work at the workplace
2. Failure in auditing process
d) Consequences for the organisation
1. Prosecution of the organisation
2. Closure of the organisation.
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Q32 Why is it important to work within your own limitations? (3.5)
To ensure that I understand my roles in line with the legal scope for accountability, responsibility, prosecution and even death, and that I perform without any fear.
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Section 4 Safeguarding individuals in relation to medication use
Q33 Explain what is meant by a medicines-related safeguarding incident. (4.1)
Refers to issues that might arise in line with medication; be it deliberate withholding of medicines with no special reason, incorrect use of medication, a malicious attempt to harm a service user.
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Q34 Describe the reporting and recording requirements in the event of a medicines-related safeguarding incident within your setting. (4.2)
Following the settings process of identifying, reporting and learning the medication errors and near misses.
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Q35 Think about how practice could be altered within your setting if a medicines-related safeguarding incident were to occur. (4.3)
An investigation into the reason why the incident occurred and provision of special training if need be, extra security around medication and keen monitoring can also be introduced.
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Q36a Why is it important to report adverse effects of medication to the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)? (4.4)
It is important because there is an urgent need to identify the drug hazards for the appropriate regulatory action to be taken, for safety use of the medicines.
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Q36b How can this information be sent to the MHRA? (4.4)
Yellow card
Through yellow cards scheme, on the E2B messaging standard to send and receive information.