1. What were the main ideas and agendas of the late Qing reformers and revolutionaries? Their similarities and differences? How did they understand the concept of “progress” and Social Darwinism? What were the various notions of “nationalism” that coexisted at this moment of Chinese history?
2. What led to the 1911 Revolution? How did the reformers, the revolutionaries, and the Qing officials contribute to the coming of the revolution? What was the legacy of the 1911 Revolution?
3. What did China’s youth want to achieve in the New Culture Movement? What were the various tensions that Chinese intellectuals faced in the early 20th century? How did they view western civilization and the actual, political role of western nations in China’s nation-building?